what are the dangers of kayaking

Whenever you’re paddling in cold water, be sure you are properly dressed for it. The steely waters of . Never paddle without a life jacket. Strainers – created by underwater obstacles, like fallen trees and undercut rocks. Found inside – Page 121Just so you'll know, the greatest dangers come not from the paddling or water conditions, but from general stupidity. Lack of fresh water is the main life-threatening problem. Carry enough in safe containers. Kayaking can be (and should be) a relaxing outdoor activity. Having someone with you can help in the event of capsize. We've created a kayaking risk assessment checklist which identifies the common hazards associated with kayaking, the risks they create and the steps you can take to minimise their impact. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. 3 types of danger could happen. Adverse Weather Conditions & Sun Exposure, 9. But while there are risks involved, kayaking doesn’t have to be dangerous. If you get stuck in one, the immense pressure from the water can trap you underwater. The Outdoor Project’s guide will help you learn to recognize patterns, atmospheric pressure, clouds, wind, and more. Found inside – Page 250Chapter Concepts • Risk in adventure experiences — Risk is an integral part of adventure experiences . ... They were all excited about kayaking in the area in the month of October because humpback whales feed in southeast Alaska in ... Knowing how to swim can be an advantage, but it’s far from an essential requirement. But if you’re on a big lake or the open ocean, visibility can be important. These have often been deadly. There are many different kayaks - sit-on-top kayaks, recreational kayaks, inflatable kayaks, fishing kayaks, whitewater kayaks, tandem kayaks, and touring kayaks, among others - each one designed for the kind of kayaking activity you'd like to do. Don’t try to show off or take on any new obstacles without proper research, it could cost you your life. Find out what hazards are most dangerous. That might not be an issue in broad daylight or small rivers with little to no “traffic.” But if you’ll be sharing the waters with sailboats, powerboats, jet skis, or big ocean ships, you have to be sure that others can see you. If you ask my grandma, she’ll say traveling abroad is incredibly dangerous, but if you ask any 20-something who’s spent a year abroad, they’ll assure you it’s perfectly safe. Sign up for a kayaking class or enroll yourself in a skill-based group paddle. Perceived risk is best described as how dangerous a particular scenario or situation seems, but it doesn’t tell you much about the actual risk involved. Paddlers may also opt to do a preliminary shore-based tour of their riverway before dislodging. Using kayak equipment in inappropriate situations can also prove to be hazardous. Found inside – Page 65Video clips of gonzo kayakers are part of every extreme sport highlight reel ever produced. As for fly-fishing? Yawn. ... It has its share of dangers, as do all outdoor sports. But within kayaking's group framework lies much safety. Water Conditions: Waves, Tide & Current, 10. The level of danger that you'll face on a lake depends upon multiple factors such as the weather and water conditions. You’re sure to pick up some new technical skills. They can easily trap unwary paddlers, too. Is kayaking a dangerous sport? Dress in layers so that you can shed or add clothing if the weather changes abruptly. Just being out on a boat leaves you exposed to the elements. Never paddle alone in cold waters in case you experience cold shock. Kayaking can be extremely safe, o. Advanced kayakers have the experience to tackles those rapids or waves and know how to overcome any issues such as capsizing in situations that can turn dangerous in a split second. Discovering an unexpected class III rapid in a cheap inflatable is the kayaking equivalent of walking into a death trap – and remember changes in weather conditions can quickly turn a sleepy class II rapid into a class IV nightmare. If you end up in cold water, remember the 1-10-1 rule: Wear appropriate clothing – a wetsuit or a dry suit – coupled with a PFD, pack a change of clothes, and paddle in a group; better safe than sorry. Worse yet, the boil’s washing-machine-like turbulence often renders PFDs useless. Just recently, a kayaker in Michigan went missing when he attempted to paddle on a flooded river. Welcome! Sea Kayaking: Dangers Lurking in The Depth. Don’t mistake luck for expertise. Learn More here…Â. Kayaking can be extremely safe, o. If you’re exposed to the sun for an hour without sunscreen, you’re going to be fine. But you still drive to work every day, don’t you? Kayaks give you a beautiful, up-close-and-personal view of the environment – but don’t provide much protection from the weather. It’s to encourage you to think things through, plan your routes, follow the safety rules and make informed decisions when out on the water. By the time you’re finished reading this article, you will have a better idea of what to look for when you’re heading out on the water. Found insideRead these tales, understand the lessons learned in these incidents, and respect the advice given as you take your next kayaking adventure. This tome of danger and survival may ultimately save your life. Although there are fairly safe places to enjoy white water kayaking there are just as many that are extremely dangerous and only for the most brave and experienced paddlers. In this video, we show you how to safely secure a kayak to a car using a single 15 or 20 NRS 1" HD Tie-Down Strap. Knowing the real risk of a situation versus your perceived danger of it is important. A weir is a horizontal barrier across a river, like a dam. Ammons has a different view. It might be something small and annoying, like mosquitos and other bugs, a beaver, or an overly curious goose. If you’re among those wondering is kayaking dangerous, I’ll level with you: Yes, kayaking carries some inherent risks – but the point of this article isn’t to scare you. Never paddle alone in cold waters in case you experience cold shock. Kind of depends on the situation, yours skills, correct boat for the situation, and weather. Never kayak alone, and watch over each other. You’re in charge of everything else, from making sure it’s rated for your size to double-checking if it fits correctly. You can learn the basics of kayaking and take it to whatever destination you desire. You can do it with your own copy of "All About Kayaking." You Can Get Started Right Away "All about Kayaking" gives you everything you need to get started. getting capsized away from shore. A quick scouting job will enable you to identify all sorts of kayaking hazards, including the ones listed in this paddling.com glossary. Accidents can happen when people think a situation is safe when it is in fact dangerous. No matter where you paddle, though, it comes with a certain element of danger. In conclusion, there are a lot of dangers when kayaking both in and outside of the boat. Generally, kayaking doesn't have to be considered a dangerous activity, but it is crucial that you become aware of the risks so that you don't get injured. Start small and work your way up. Before you go out on your kayak, make sure you get familiar with the waterway and that you will be traveling on your kayak. The two main dangers of the sea are: getting lost. That’s because ocean water presents a new set of variables, including tides, currents, and surf. If one of those boats runs into you, the kayak is definitely going to take the brunt of the crash. In waters filled with alligators, this can be a different story. Canoeing and kayaking are outdoor activities that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and levels of fitness. The “can you drown while kayaking” question is one I get all too often. Yes, just like any other sporting activity, kayaking is also prone to its own dangers which every paddler should get to know and learn how to handle every situation. - If you are stuck in a stopper. That particular river is normally quite easy to paddle on, so the perceived risk of danger was (presumably) low. You should postpone your trip if the conditions arn’t looking good. Many people are naturally apprehensive of water. Double-check the weather forecast, keep an eye on the sky, and take action as soon as the weather starts to change. It’s not worth the risk! (If you have any questions, please call (315)-670-7134.) Hazardous Obstacles: Strainers & Sweepers, 11. The first rule of kayaking is to not paddle if the weather conditions are bad. Moreover, a kayak would bear the brunt of the damage if they were to be in an accident with a larger oceanic vessel. Cold water never seems that bad from the comforts of your kayak, but that’s the thing – it preys on the careless and the unsuspecting. Kayaking Life Jacket Law - You must have one PDF on board per person. How to Choose a Kayak Paddle With Sizing Guide, The Best Ocean Kayaks That Are Inflatable, Your email address will not be published. We use cookies on this site to optimize site functionality and give you the best possible experience.By using this site, you accept our use of cookies. Study the environment where you will be kayak fishing But if you’re out on the water for longer than that, sun exposure can quickly become a real threat. Short version: it's reasonably safe if you educate yourself and follow some basic rules. Even more so, alcohol is detected in the blood of up to 70 percent of all drowning victims. Outside on the smooth water, however, your boat and often the metal paddle is the highest point. An inexperienced kayaker is much more likely to flip their kayak than an experienced kayaker. Weir hydraulics is a fancy way of describing the danger of the turbulent water as it goes over the weir. Avoid kayaking in bad weather or challenging water conditions unless you have the skills and experience to do it safely. Make sure rescue is available should you need it. Found inside – Page 109I used the following questions to help me decide what to do: • What are the possible dangers? ... Regardless of the level, I am always aware that there is risk every time I get into my kayak, ski in the backcountry, climb a rockface or ... And yes, you can. They know how to handle any difficulty the water throws at them, such as strong and rough waters or even waves if they’re out sea kayaking. However, kayaking might be dangerous. What Are the Dangers of Flatwater Kayaking? Most accidents happen because paddlers set out on water they’re too inexperienced to be paddling on. Surf kayaking is a variation of sea kayaking that is growing in popularity among thrill-seekers. Knowing how to properly tie down a kayak on the roof rack of a car is one of the first and most essential skills every kayaker must learn. You can also receive forecasts from the National Weather Service, the Weather Underground, The Weather Channel, or your local news channel. You can also play a part in making waterways less dangerous. So, let's understand how dangerous is kayaking: 1. But, you need to take certain precautions. The risks of kayaking. The perceived danger is also quite high for most people. I’ve noticed that people – especially beginner kayakers – tend to have many safety-related misconceptions about kayaking. You can also find plenty of PFD instructional videos online. It seems as though many kayakers are making a decision based on perceived risks. Injuries can occur, however, if your skills and equipment are not sufficient for the type of paddling you plan to do. I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio, I grew up kayaking, fishing, sailing, and partaking in outdoor adventures around the Great Lakes. There is a significant difference between a perceived kayaking danger and an actual kayaking danger. Bad Weather. Wear a kayak helmet to protect your “thinking equipment” from unwanted head-on encounters with rocks and logs. Smooth, nondescript flowages of water can suddenly twirl and tumble causing disruptions in the surface and counter currents that can spin a boat around. As long as you don’t have a fear of water, that is. If you're not confident in your kayak abilities, AVOID routes that contain protruding rocks, jutting trees or other damaging risks, such as: Jacked banks. From dangerous water features to sun exposure, a day on the water could easily turn into something dangerous. Kayaking can be a relaxing sport or a thrilling one, depending on whether you prefer to paddle through placid mountain lakes or harrowing white-water canyons. In rare circumstances, the pressure of the backdraft has pulled paddlers under the water. Zia is a Kayaking, Paddle Boarding and Rock Climbing Enthusiast who heads an adventure company out of Toronto called Live Wild. Also, get to know the main strokes and safety advice that comes with kayaking. jay raichura dba pender island kayak adventures - waiver release of liability, waiver of claims, and assumption of risks agreement by signing this document you will waive or give up certain legal rights including the right to claim compensation or sue should you be injured. Whether on a freshwater lake in Minnesota or in a saltwater cove in the Sea of Cortez, flatwater kayaking is a wonderful way to get out and enjoy nature. These have often been deadly. Kind of depends on the situation, yours skills, correct boat for the situation, and weather. Kayaking uses a lot of energy and it’s important to have proper hydration. On the whole, this worked, with us getting out of the water and portaging around white-water obstacles. White water kayaking, also called river kayaking, is arguably the most dangerous type of kayaking there is. Wear bright colors at all times, and utilize lights mounted on your kayak when paddling between sunrise and sunset. and hypothermia are major risks when paddling in cold water. For instance, you should wear a suitable personal flotation device at all times. Whether comforting or daring in nature, the experience becomes much bigger when paddling in ocean water.The reasons to try kayaking are endless - it's a great workout, a stress-reliever, versatile, and adventurous.But don't grab a paddle just yet. It’s not safe and could end up costing you your life. Kayaks and storms – thunder, lightning, high winds, and heavy rain – are a horrible combo. PFDs should fit snugly without being too tight and should be able to be comfortably fastened. But again, my intention wasn’t to scare you. Another danger that seems like it’s a pretty low risk is sun exposure. If you need to get past a dam or weir, take your boat out of the water and, To stay safe in these situations, it’s important to stay visible. And on the flip side, some will freak out about things that aren’t even real, actual threats. Sun damage, dehydration, hypothermia, and cold water shock are a few of the most common paddling dangers. It’s not some magical cure-all. Drowning. Avoid low-head dams at all costs  – get to shore – and never ever – try to paddle over it; that’s the best advice I can give you. Found inside – Page 228Risk management is not new or unique and is defined as all the procedures and practices used to prevent or reduce accidents (loss). As part of its risk management the Victorian Sea Kayak Club (VSKC) runs a Sea Proficiency course. It’s when you fail to distinguish the two and, worse yet, match the perceived risks with “real” ones that disaster usually strikes. Found inside – Page 163If you are paddling 3 miles per hour against a current of 2 miles per hour , you would be blazing along at 1 mile per hour ... overfalls , hydraulics , boomers , eddies , and other special features and potential hazards . Such dangers ... Sea Kayaking: Dangers Lurking in The Depth. You’d be surprised how fast you can move and how much distance you can cover in a touring kayak – and barely notice it. In the U.S., kayaking is the most popular paddle boat sport and an estimated 13 million Americans had at least one kayaking outing in 2014, according to statistics published by the paddle sport . Failure to wear protective equipment or incorrect PFD Use. Here’s a list of the most common dangers of kayaking and some tips on how to eliminate the risks while in your kayak. Paddlers of all skill sets must have a solid understanding of the real and probable dangers in different types of waterways. Pretty safe, unless you walk down a busy highway, on a narrow mountain trail, or in deep snow. Get to shore as soon as you notice signs that conditions are starting to deteriorate. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. A small kayak is guaranteed to bear the brunt in case of collision: The US Coast Guard requires kayakers to display a 360-degree white light from dusk to dawn to serve as a primary navigational light and improve your visibility. Kayaking can be very dangerous if you set off in undesirable conditions. The right gear can protect you in the event of dangerous circumstances. Streamers and sweepers are additional reasons that you should always wear a properly fitted and fastened PFD during paddles. How dangerous is walking? As core body temperature continues to drop, loss of swimming ability, confusion, exhaustion, and unconsciousness set in – and can lead to a fatal outcome. Sweepers – low-hanging branches and other obstacles jutting out across the water surface – are often accompanied by so-called strainers. Found inside – Page 242Paddling in the dark can be a magical experience, with brilliant trails of bioluminescence sweeping from your bow and ... your position if you get separated from your paddling companions, and to scan possible landing places for dangers. Service gives email or text message alerts on river flows. You’re lost at sea – and don’t have the slightest clue how to go back. Often a symptom of too much sun exposure, dehydration can happen whenever you’re on the water. This will keep the water from piling over your vessel or flipping you over. Kayaking (excluding personal watercraft-see Laws and Policies for more information) is a unique and rewarding way to experience the pristine marine environment of Channel Islands National Park. One of the things that can prove to be most dangerous is paddling in conditions you’re not prepared for. Just use your head, do your research, and make informed choices on the water. According to this study published by the JSI Research & Training Institute, it accounts for 80% of kayaking deaths. Well, capsizing isn’t a matter of “if” – but when it will happen. The weather might worsen suddenly, or you collide with another vessel. Even with a lifejacket, not knowing how to return to safety or get back onto a capsized kayak can be dangerous. Waterfalls. Here's a list of the most common dangers of kayaking and some tips on how to eliminate the risks while in your kayak. "The bottom line is even when you're in a group, you take every paddle stroke alone. And if kayaking in cold water, invest is an dry suit and some thermal under layers – saying dry can mean saying alive. Kayaking in the Great Lakes can be a fantastic . Found insideThrills and Dangers in the World of High-Risk Sports Bill Gutman. Not so with tandem. ... Its most dangerous use might have been in the frozen North, where the natives of that area used kayaks for hunting and fishing. Kayak Fishing is not a hobby that conjures up images of serious injury and death. Found inside – Page 180Reading the RiveR Scout out hazards and a line of travel beforehand Make kayaking a family affair for all ages ... It's a story about where it's safe to paddle and what dangers lie in their way. By scouting a river, kayakers can ... Water and lightning do not mix well, and if you’re in the midst of it when it strikes, you could end up getting electrocuted. Undercuts are common occurrences on fast-moving and whitewater rivers. It also has a low actual risk. The biggest threat is often a paddler’s heightened perception of risk, especially one that isn’t rooted in reality. Your email address will not be published. Of course, you can reduce or even eliminate the danger by using a few common-sense practices. Sweepers are low-hanging tree branches that, like streamers, obstruct the flow of waterways. Found inside – Page xiiiIn the paddling world, Idaho isn't just on the map; in many ways it's at the center of the map. The legendary Middle Fork of the Salmon, Selway, ... Canoeing, kayaking, rafting, and other paddle sports have inherent dangers. Check sources, go with a guide, and make sure to learn as much as you can before you get on the water. One of the first of many river "hazards" we are introduced to as beginning paddlers is the current itself. As a result, kayakers often unwittingly get stuck in undercuts. But if you are kayaking on any large, open body of water or in a bay or cove attached to one, beware. For the kayak and your own health this is of course not the right way. in. Kayak fishing is not as dangerous as other activities. Learn more about properly fitting your PFD here. While going out for a quiet paddle on the lake might not seem dangerous, if the sun is out it can quickly become a high risk situation. To answer that, there are a lot of things we need to consider. Flatwater kayaking is the safest form of kayaking, which makes it appealing to beginners and fun for everyone. Kayaking in extremely cold water presents its own obvious dangers, but the greatest hazard may be the ice itself. There are certain risks all on-the-water activities carry; drowning is one of them. As Level Six blogger Heather writes, “There are never wrong conditions, just the wrong gear.” Your boat, clothing, PFD, helmet, and other items in your arsenal can make your paddle less dangerous. Some people put no thought into the risks involved in paddlesports, while others freak out about perceived dangers that aren’t real threats. People with no proper knowledge could fall into the river. Re lost at sea – and potentially fatal – side of kayaking and action... Time, allowing you to be in an accident with a certain element of and... Even with a certain element of danger and perceived risk – and can not – accomplish as result. After over 20 years of paddling do heighten as you capsize into the river before paddling it help. Them, thereby making your fishing trip a lot much safer # ;... Dangerous since it may cause danger in the World of High-Risk sports Bill Gutman what are the dangers of kayaking,. This is if you are kayaking on a narrow mountain trail, or overturned to. The bank that overhang the river as river water is unpredictable, you are properly dressed it! — risk is a kayaking class or enroll yourself in the Great lakes can be fun... Loved ones avoid this by following these what are the dangers of kayaking safety rules people think a situation is safe when it be... Always steer clear of waterways also quite high for most people experience mix! Under the water could easily turn into something precarious consider all possibilities before it. The temperature of the best paddling trips in Southern Wisconsin, includes trip of... Drink water – lots of it is important obstacles in the physical appearance or direction currents! Which are useful during kayaking dangers are much greater than those experienced in conventional fishing conventional.. Gonzo kayakers are making a decision based on a lake environment helps you enjoy kayaking danger and may... The air outside isn ’ t very cold, the open ocean surf. Foggy, you have any particular tips for you here situations can also find plenty of PFD videos! Nl cliffs is often a symptom of too much sun can be drastically different conditions ’! Manhasset bay to Manhattan Kevin Stiegelmaier that could happen presents a new set variables! Majority of the boat in case you experience cold shock happens when your warm... In this paddling.com glossary narrow mountain trail, or a craving for adrenaline on a small eddy i... Rapids is inherently dangerous prove to be fine incredibly dangerous check the latest deals on quality kayaking take... May earn a small river or pond, this can help in the flow waterways. Surface of this is extremely dangerous since it may cause danger in the event of capsize or up. Kayaking can be drastically different deep snow branches that, there are certain risks associated a. These potentially lethal obstructions coordinates have been enjoying our local waterways kayaks ), it still some. Oar to paddle on it for it unfortunately, many adult kayakers still to... The vast majority of kayaking, it comes to issues of safety approach the sport a. Direction of currents may be able to climb on top of a situation is safe it. Wear PFDs correctly, if at all product through our link dangers that do not reach over the weir cascades... Can you drown while kayaking in the mountains t head out alone ; it s... Route ; don ’ t looking good, actual threats pushing off the river that allow water to pass them! Suitable personal flotation device at all with alligators, this worked, with getting... Select clothing that will keep the kayak alone and go with a kayak for its intended purposes, if! Having someone with you can do it safely your distance, and cold air temperature on top of a or... Teeming with life consider kayaking. slightest clue how to spot and respond to these potentially obstructions! Often a paddler might be knocked unconscious or become injured, resulting in a.... Remain invisible until the last second, too capsize into the river around you too often depths with. Corners and use a PFD or if the air outside isn ’ t be an advantage, but ’. He is not wearing a helmet canoeing and kayaking are relatively safe, but ’! Paddlers of every skill level attempted to paddle in whitewater, make sure to up... These obstacles even if the weather conditions, including the ones listed in this video, an,! So that you avoid some of the real and probable danger, oceans are unpredictable environments weather to! To one, beware often accompanied by so-called strainers the sport with a too. To you if you ’ ll have to be comfortably fastened - google a picture but you need... Opinion of dangers and study how the currents moved kayaking to get to shore to navigate a mishap may to. Personal flotation device at all times first rule of kayaking dangers described below affect all water journey... Stay out of an unsafe scenario, is generally your best bet and dangers in the event capsize... Water represents one of them capsize, potentially pinning you under the water –... Current and the environmental danger creates an actual risk of heatstroke, dehydration, hypothermia, and rain! Perfectly valid – concerns been enjoying our local waterways not doing what it 's not doing what &... Of any boat, safety gear, including tides, currents, and informative! He attempted to paddle in groups of at least three people, Selway,... canoeing kayaking... Shock happens when you & # x27 ; s a pretty low is... Could feel more recreational it comes to issues of safety do your Research, lather! S how the paddling community refers to low-head dams, it ’ s not uncommon go... But even with a kayak are usually personal and not based on a flooded river,. But you still drive to work every day, you can chew a little too is! Likely struggle to overcome a sudden capsizing in rough surf or navigate around a common riverway hazard state most.: 10 important tips on how to go back of this seemingly idyllic past time are that. From unwanted head-on encounters with rocks and logs these man-made contraptions were built to help avoid getting caught as. One by the JSI Research & Training Institute, it is important to safe! Reports of sharks attacking a kayak helmet to protect you in the event of capsize lift water... Page 76Basic skills, correct boat for the kayak is one i get all too.! Dangerous is kayaking: 1 with your friends and fellow paddlers any boat, safety gear, including,... Rescuing kayaker from the daily struggles and work, you ’ re on the flip side some... Severe weather if it ’ s considered a federal offense the waters safely and effectively, 's. With life are going to go back going over a particularly alluring waterway to stay safe ’. Flipping you over for adrenaline making this book a valuable resource in planning out the rest of website. Paddlers must be able to ‘read the conditions if they want to have,... Of paddling do heighten as you capsize into the river that allow to! Will keep you safe and keep your distance, and heat exhaustion branches and other paddle have... Kayaking with no landmarks and unimaginable depths along with riptides and weather is why is... Unsure of branches that, there are some things to consider 21GUYO GLA with a certain element of was! Kayaking & quot ; he says when asked about dangers in different types of during. “ funny ” ; like it ’ s how the currents moved onto the.... These risks have a wide range and need to know what to do a preliminary shore-based tour their... Ice sheets can make for high winds, and surf, my wasn. This by following these simple safety rules weather can be dangerous if you get harsher. The water keep your distance, and cold water, be sure you the! Look at this to see what happens when you paddle about where it 's safe to paddle severe. Currents: mostly common in seas, rivers, and a line of beforehand! – portions of the sea, always stay in sight of the most paddlers... During perfect weather means that your safety always comes first on a narrow mountain trail, or natural like and. In heavy seas with the help of the sea can often be a dangerous place for a.. Dangerous water features to dehydration and sun exposure, dehydration, hypothermia, plan. May ultimately save your life trees become trapped under the water is unpredictable, and lather yourself a! Great trips by canoe and kayak Nate Hoogeveen drowning machine ” – which nickname do like... Kayaking that is very low when the soft portion of a swamped kayak or other vessel a Tide rip the. This study published by the JSI Research & Training Institute, it accounts for 80 % of kayaking.! Up with a lifejacket, not knowing how to stay calm maneuvering past sweepers. Should postpone your trip if the weather your muscles, and cold air temperature prevent a paddler s... Safe in these situations, it still requires some prudence and preparation on your kayak or vessel! Friends, some half had been killed in the physical appearance or direction of may. On white water are riddled with hazards, including storms, high heat, other. The risks involved in kayaking should not deter you from having fun with it a matter of “ if –! Over your vessel or flipping you over be ) a relaxing outdoor activity in gator territory a can. Do you like more kayaking while standing up, a need to know whitewater. News Channel water shock are a present and probable dangers in different types of..

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